Mathematical Functions in Python Programming
Mathematical Functions
In this lesson, we will understand what is Mathematical Function, and with the help of examples, we will see how to use mathematical functions in the Python program.
List of Python Mathematical Functions
Python Mathematical functions are predefined functions which accept values and return the result. To use mathematical functions, we have to import the math module in our program.
With the help of mathematical functions we can easily solve a complex equation in our program, for example, if we want to find the square root of a number, then we can use sqrt() mathematical function to find the square root of a given number.
Let's see all the important mathematical functions available in Python in more details with examples.
fabs() Function
The fabs() function returns the absolute value of a number. Here Absolute value means number without negative sign. The absolute value of a number is always positive.
Syntax of fabs() function
math.fabs(num)Example
Python program to input an integer number and print its absolute value.
import math
n=int(input('Enter an integer number '))
x=math.fabs(n)
print('Absolute value of %d is %d' %(n,x))Output
Enter an integer number -18 Absolute value of -18 is 18
Here you can see that we have input -18 and pass the value to the fabs() function. The fabs() function returned the result in the variable x after removing the negative sign from the number. Thus the final output is 18.
sqrt() Function
The sqrt() function returns the square root of a positive number. Remember that square root of a negative can not be calculated.
Syntax of sqrt() function
math.sqrt(num)Example
Python program to input an integer and print its square root.
import math
n=int(input('Enter an integer number '))
x=math.sqrt(n)
print('Square root of %d is %d' %(n,x))Output
Enter an integer number 25 Square root of 25 is 5
Here you can see that we have input 25 and pass the value to the sqrt() function. The sqrt() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the square root. Thus the final output is 5.
ceil() Function
The ceil() function returns the nearest integer number greater than the number passed as argument.
Syntax of ceil() function
math.ceil(num)Example
Python program to input a floating point number and print its ceil value.
import math
n=float(input('Enter a floating point (decimal) number '))
x=math.ceil(n)
print('Ceil value of %f is %f' %(n,x))Output
Enter a floating point (decimal) number 12.4 Ceil value of 12.400000 is 13.000000
Here you can see that we have input 12.4 and pass the value to the ceil() function. The ceil() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the ceil value of variable n. Thus the final output is 13.000000.
floor() Function
The floor() function returns the nearest integer number less than the number passed as argument.
Syntax of floor() function
math.floor(num)Example
Python program to input a floating point number and print its floor value.
import math
n=float(input('Enter a floating point (decimal) number '))
x=math.floor(n)
print('Floor value of %f is %f' %(n,x))Output
Enter a floating point (decimal) number 12.4 Floor value of 12.400000 is 12.000000
Here you can see that we have input 12.4 and pass the value to the floor() function. The floor() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the floor value of variable n. Thus the final output is 12.000000.
fmod() Function
The fmod() function returns the remainder of the division of two float data type numbers.
Syntax of fmod() function
math.fmod(x, y)Example
Python program to input two floating point numbers and print the remainder after dividing the numbers.
import math
print('Enter two floating point (decimal) numbers')
x=float(input())
y=float(input())
z=math.fmod(x,y)
print('Remainder = %f' %(z))Output
Enter two floating point (decimal) numbers 5.26 3.17 Remainder = 2.090000
Here you can see that we have input two floating point numbers 5.26 and 3.17 and pass the values to the fmod() function. The fmod() function returned the result in the variable z after calculating the remainder of the division. Thus the final output is 2.090000.
pow() Function
The pow() function is used to computes the power of a number. In mathematics the power is written as xy.
Syntax of pow() function
math.pow(x, y)Example
Python program to input two integer numbers and print the power.
import math
print('Enter two integer numbers')
a=int(input())
b=int(input())
c=math.pow(a,b)
print('Power = %d' %(c))Output
Enter two integer numbers 5 2 Power = 25
Here you can see that we have input two integer numbers 5 and 2 and pass the values to the pow() function. The pow() function returned the result in the variable c after calculating the power. Thus the final output is 25.
All the above functions are most commonly used mathematical functions. Below is the list of other mathematical functions that you can use in your program as per requirement.
List of other useful mathematical functions
| Function | Syntax | Description |
| cos | math.cos(x) | The cos() function returns the cosine of x, where x is expressed in radians. The return value of cos() is in the range [-1, 1]. |
| acos | math.acos(x) | The acos() function returns the arc cosine of x, which will be in the range [0, pi]. x should be between -1 and 1. Value of pi=3.14159265. |
| cosh | math.cosh(x) | The function cosh() returns the hyperbolic cosine of x. |
| sin | math.sin(x) | The function sin() returns the sine of x, where x is given in radians. The return value of sin() will be in the range [-1, 1]. |
| asin | math.asin(x) | The asin() function returns the arc sine of x, which will be in the range [-pi/2, +pi/2]. x should be between -1 and 1. Value of pi=3.14159265. |
| sinh | math.sinh(x) | The function sinh() returns the hyperbolic sine of x. |
| asinh | math.asinh(x) | The function asinh() returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. |
| tan | math.tan(x) | The tan() function returns the tangent of x, where x is given in radians. |
| atan | math.atan(x) | The function atan() returns the arc tangent of x, which will be in the range [-pi/2, +pi/2]. Value of pi=3.14159265. |
| atan2 | math.atan2(y, x) | The atan2() function computes the arc tangent of y/x, using the signs of the arguments to compute the quadrant of the return value. |
| tanh | math.tanh(x) | The function tanh() returns the hyperbolic tangent of x. |
| atanh | math.atanh(x) | The function atanh() returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x. |
| exp | math.exp(x) | The exp() function returns e (2.7182818) raised to the xth power. |
| log | math.log(x) | The function log() returns the natural (base e) logarithm of x. |
| log10 | math.log10(x) | The log10() function returns the base 10 (or common) logarithm for x. |
Visit this page to learn about all the mathematical functions defined in Python 3.
Test Your Knowledge
Attempt the practical questions to check if the lesson is adequately clear to you.
